|
Feldhofer 1, Neanderthal 1 is the scientific name of the 40,000-year-old type specimen fossil of the species ''Homo neanderthalensis'',〔Die Schreibung des Lemmas ''Neandertal 1'' folgt: Wilhelm Gieseler: ''Germany.'' In: Kenneth P. Oakley et al. (Hrsg.): ''Catalogue of Fossil Hominids: Europe Pt. 2.'' Smithsonian Institution Proceedings, 1971, S. 198–199. – Als Folge der Orthographischen Konferenz von 1901 wurde die vormalige Schreibung der ''Thal'' zu ''Tal'', woran die Archivnummer angepasst werden konnte; auch die von der American Association for the Advancement of Science herausgegebene Fachzeitschrift ''Science'' folgt dieser Schreibung ((sciencemag.org: ''The Neandertal Genome'' )). Die international rules for zoological nomenclature erlauben hingegen eine solche Veränderung gültiger Benennung von Gattungs - und Artnamen nicht, weswegen die lateinische Bezeichnung weiterhin ''Homo neanderthalensis'' lautet.〕 found in a German cave, Kleine Feldhofer Grotte, east of Düsseldorf, located in the Neandertal valley, also known as the Neander Valley in August 1856. In 1864 the fossil's description was first published in a scientific magazine and underwent official naming, which has never been altered since.〔William King: ''The Reputed Fossil Man of the Neanderthal.'' In: ''Quarterly Journal of Science.'' Band 1, 1864, S. 88–97, (Volltext (PDF; 356 kB) )〕 However, the finding was not the first hominid and particularly Neanderthal fossil discovery, rather, the true nature and significance had not been recognized on any of the earlier occasions and therefore no separate species' names were assigned.〔 The discovery was made by limestone quarry miners. Neanderthal 1 consists of a skullcap, two femora, the three right arm bones, two of the left arm bones, ilium, and fragments of a scapula and ribs. The fossils were given to a local teacher and amateur naturalist, Johann Carl Fuhlrott. The description of the remains was determined by anatomist Hermann Schaaffhausen. The find was announced jointly in 1857. In 1997, the Neanderthal type specimen was the first to yield ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences. In 1999, scientists announced that careful detective work had led them to some of the sediments of the now-destroyed cave with fragments of Neanderthal bones including one that fit exactly to the original femur. In 2000, the fossil of a second individual from the same locality, named Neanderthal 2, was determined as to be a Homo neanderthalensis. The Neanderthal 1 publication represents the beginning of paleoanthropology as a scientific discipline. The fossil is preserved in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn since 1877.〔 Michael Schmauder, Ralf W. Schmitz: ''Der Neandertaler und weitere eiszeitliche Funde im Rheinischen LandesMuseum Bonn.'' In: Heinz Günter Horn (Hrsg.): ''Neandertaler + Co.'' Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 2006, S. 252–253, ISBN 978-3-8053-3603-1〕 As well as the unique historical and scientific importance of this specimen it has continued to play a key role since its discovery. ==Discovery== Mining of limestone in the Neander Valley has been going on since the early 16th century, from the mid 19th century it was carried out on an industrial scale. In August 1856 two Italian workers extended the entrance to the "Kleine Feldhofer Grotte" by removing the naturally sintered and therefore rock-hard clay layers, which were embedded into the limestone cave. Upon removing the sediment fillings, the workers unearthed fossil bones in a depth of , which - initially unnoticed - were disposed of among mud and debris and dispersed into the valley. The bones came to the attention of the cave's owner Wilhelm Beckershoff, who assumed them to be the remains of a cave bear. Beckershoff and quarry co-owner Friedrich Wilhelm Pieper,〔Gerd-Christian Weniger: ''Mettmann – Fundort Neandertal.'' In: Heinz Günter Horn (Hrsg.): ''Neandertaler + Co.'' Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 2006, S. 183, ISBN 978-3-8053-3603-1. – Pieper und Beckershoff waren Mitglieder in dem von Fuhlrott gegründeten ''Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein für Elberfeld und Barmen''; Pieper informierte Fuhlrott über den Fund.〕 retrieved 16 bone fragments from the rubble and handed them to the Elberfelder teacher and fossil collector Johann Carl Fuhlrott. A skullcap with a fragment of the left temporal bone, a fragment of the right scapula, a right clavicle, both humerus (the right side complete), a complete right radius , fragments of right and left forearm bones, five ribs, an almost complete left half of the pelvis and both femora - completely preserved.〔Friedemann Schrenk, Stephanie Müller: ''Die Neandertaler.'' C. H. Beck, München 2005, S. 14, ISBN 3-406-50873-1〕 Fuhlrott allegedly immediately recognized〔Johann Carl Fuhlrott: ''Menschliche Überreste aus einer Felsengrotte des Düsselthals'', S. 137〕 that the remains are to be attributed to a human who, however, significantly differed from modern man. Without Fuhlrotts approval the following notice was published on September 4, 1856 in the Elberfeld newspaper and the Barmer local Journal: "In neighboring Neanderthal, a surprising discovery has been made in recent days. The removal of the limestone rocks, which certainly is a dreadful deed from a picturesque point of view, revealed a cave, which had been filled with mud-clay over the centuries. While clearing away this clay a human skeleton was found, which undoubtedly would have been left unconsidered and lost if not, thankfully, Dr. Fuhlrott of Elberfeld had secured and examined the find. Examination of the skeleton, namely the skull, revealed the individual belonged to the tribe of the Flat Heads, which still live in the American West and of which several skulls have been found in recent years on the upper Danube in Sigmaringen. Maybe the find can help to settle the issue of whether the skeleton belonged to an early central European original inhabitant people or simply to one of Attila's roaming horde's men." Yet this report lead two Bonn professors' of anatomy, Hermann Schaaffhausen and August Franz Josef Karl Mayer, attention to the find. They contacted Fuhlrott and asked him to send the bones. Fuhlrott personally brought them to Bonn the following winter, where Schaaffhausen had them examined. Six months later, on 2 June 1857 Schaaffhausen and Fuhlrott presented the results of their investigations before the members of the Natural History Society of the Prussian Rhineland and Westphalen. Paleo-anthropologist and primatologist Ian Tattersall describes the results as follows: "Here Fuhlrott summarized the history of discovery of these fossils, which was based on a careful survey of the workers who had excavated the finds. He stressed the age of the bones, which was obvious by both, the thickness of the overlying strata () as well as by the strong mineralization and dendrite formation on the surface, which were also found in the bones of the extinct giant cave bears. The description and interpretation of the find was Schaaffhausen's task." Schaaffhausen described in detail the unusually massive bone structure of the find and noted the shape of the cranium in particular - especially the low, sloping forehead and bony ridges above the eyes: "He considered these characteristics to be natural, rather than the results of illness or abnormal development. They reminded him of the Great Apes. Nevertheless, this was not an ape, and if its features were not pathological, they must be attributed to the age of the find. () Although his search for specimens that were similar to Neanderthal was unsuccessful, he came to the conclusion that the bones belonged to a representative of a native tribe who had inhabited Germany before the arrival of the ancestors of modern humans." Schaaffhausen published his findings in 1858 in the ''Archives of Anatomy, Physiology and Scientific Medicine''.〔Hermann Schaaffhausen: ''Zur Kenntniss der ältesten Rassenschädel.'' In: ''Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin.'' 1858, S. 453–478〕 A year later Fuhlrott published a ''Treatise on Human remains from a rock grotto of the Düssel valley'' in the team sheet of the ''Natural History Society of the Prussian Rhineland and Westphalen''.〔Johann Carl Fuhlrott: ''Menschliche Überreste aus einer Felsengrotte des Düsselthals. Ein Beitrag zur Frage über die Existenz fossiler Menschen.'' In: ''Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der preußischen Rheinlande und Westphalens.'' Band 16, 1859, S. 131–153, (Volltext (PDF; 4,1 MB) )〕 In this essay he also discussed the anatomical conditions and mentioned initially reluctant (also taking into account their integration in glacial loam-drifts) that these bones probably "come from prehistoric times, probably from the diluvial period and therefore belong to an archetypal individual of our race." Following his comments on the geology of the locality he suspected the effect that "these bones are ante-diluvial (before the biblical flood), forms of fossil human remains". Fuhlrotts and Schaaffhausens ultimately correct interpretation of the finds from the Neandertal was not taken seriously by the scholars of their time. As Fuhlrott 1859 published his treatise in the team sheet of the Natural History Society of the Prussian Rhineland and Westphalen, the members of the editorial commented his interpretations with the postscript that they "put forward views, that cannot be shared." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Neanderthal 1」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|